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Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 17001-17100   *Has distinct variable group(s)
TypeLabelDescription
Statement
 
Theoremacsmapd 17001* In an algebraic closure system, if 𝑇 is contained in the closure of 𝑆, there is a map 𝑓 from 𝑇 into the set of finite subsets of 𝑆 such that the closure of ran 𝑓 contains 𝑇. This is proven by applying acsficl2d 16999 to each element of 𝑇. See Section II.5 in [Cohn] p. 81 to 82. (Contributed by David Moews, 1-May-2017.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ (ACS‘𝑋))    &   𝑁 = (mrCls‘𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝑆𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝑇 ⊆ (𝑁𝑆))       (𝜑 → ∃𝑓(𝑓:𝑇⟶(𝒫 𝑆 ∩ Fin) ∧ 𝑇 ⊆ (𝑁 ran 𝑓)))
 
Theoremacsmap2d 17002* In an algebraic closure system, if 𝑆 and 𝑇 have the same closure and 𝑆 is independent, then there is a map 𝑓 from 𝑇 into the set of finite subsets of 𝑆 such that 𝑆 equals the union of ran 𝑓. This is proven by taking the map 𝑓 from acsmapd 17001 and observing that, since 𝑆 and 𝑇 have the same closure, the closure of ran 𝑓 must contain 𝑆. Since 𝑆 is independent, by mrissmrcd 16123, ran 𝑓 must equal 𝑆. See Section II.5 in [Cohn] p. 81 to 82. (Contributed by David Moews, 1-May-2017.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ (ACS‘𝑋))    &   𝑁 = (mrCls‘𝐴)    &   𝐼 = (mrInd‘𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝑆𝐼)    &   (𝜑𝑇𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (𝑁𝑆) = (𝑁𝑇))       (𝜑 → ∃𝑓(𝑓:𝑇⟶(𝒫 𝑆 ∩ Fin) ∧ 𝑆 = ran 𝑓))
 
Theoremacsinfd 17003 In an algebraic closure system, if 𝑆 and 𝑇 have the same closure and 𝑆 is infinite independent, then 𝑇 is infinite. This follows from applying unirnffid 8141 to the map given in acsmap2d 17002. See Section II.5 in [Cohn] p. 81 to 82. (Contributed by David Moews, 1-May-2017.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ (ACS‘𝑋))    &   𝑁 = (mrCls‘𝐴)    &   𝐼 = (mrInd‘𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝑆𝐼)    &   (𝜑𝑇𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (𝑁𝑆) = (𝑁𝑇))    &   (𝜑 → ¬ 𝑆 ∈ Fin)       (𝜑 → ¬ 𝑇 ∈ Fin)
 
Theoremacsdomd 17004 In an algebraic closure system, if 𝑆 and 𝑇 have the same closure and 𝑆 is infinite independent, then 𝑇 dominates 𝑆. This follows from applying acsinfd 17003 and then applying unirnfdomd 9268 to the map given in acsmap2d 17002. See Section II.5 in [Cohn] p. 81 to 82. (Contributed by David Moews, 1-May-2017.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ (ACS‘𝑋))    &   𝑁 = (mrCls‘𝐴)    &   𝐼 = (mrInd‘𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝑆𝐼)    &   (𝜑𝑇𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (𝑁𝑆) = (𝑁𝑇))    &   (𝜑 → ¬ 𝑆 ∈ Fin)       (𝜑𝑆𝑇)
 
Theoremacsinfdimd 17005 In an algebraic closure system, if two independent sets have equal closure and one is infinite, then they are equinumerous. This is proven by using acsdomd 17004 twice with acsinfd 17003. See Section II.5 in [Cohn] p. 81 to 82. (Contributed by David Moews, 1-May-2017.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ (ACS‘𝑋))    &   𝑁 = (mrCls‘𝐴)    &   𝐼 = (mrInd‘𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝑆𝐼)    &   (𝜑𝑇𝐼)    &   (𝜑 → (𝑁𝑆) = (𝑁𝑇))    &   (𝜑 → ¬ 𝑆 ∈ Fin)       (𝜑𝑆𝑇)
 
Theoremacsexdimd 17006* In an algebraic closure system whose closure operator has the exchange property, if two independent sets have equal closure, they are equinumerous. See mreexfidimd 16134 for the finite case and acsinfdimd 17005 for the infinite case. This is a special case of Theorem 4.2.2 in [FaureFrolicher] p. 87. (Contributed by David Moews, 1-May-2017.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ (ACS‘𝑋))    &   𝑁 = (mrCls‘𝐴)    &   𝐼 = (mrInd‘𝐴)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑠 ∈ 𝒫 𝑋𝑦𝑋𝑧 ∈ ((𝑁‘(𝑠 ∪ {𝑦})) ∖ (𝑁𝑠))𝑦 ∈ (𝑁‘(𝑠 ∪ {𝑧})))    &   (𝜑𝑆𝐼)    &   (𝜑𝑇𝐼)    &   (𝜑 → (𝑁𝑆) = (𝑁𝑇))       (𝜑𝑆𝑇)
 
Theoremmrelatglb 17007 Greatest lower bounds in a Moore space are realized by intersections. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 31-Jan-2015.)
𝐼 = (toInc‘𝐶)    &   𝐺 = (glb‘𝐼)       ((𝐶 ∈ (Moore‘𝑋) ∧ 𝑈𝐶𝑈 ≠ ∅) → (𝐺𝑈) = 𝑈)
 
Theoremmrelatglb0 17008 The empty intersection in a Moore space is realized by the base set. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 31-Jan-2015.)
𝐼 = (toInc‘𝐶)    &   𝐺 = (glb‘𝐼)       (𝐶 ∈ (Moore‘𝑋) → (𝐺‘∅) = 𝑋)
 
Theoremmrelatlub 17009 Least upper bounds in a Moore space are realized by the closure of the union. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 31-Jan-2015.)
𝐼 = (toInc‘𝐶)    &   𝐹 = (mrCls‘𝐶)    &   𝐿 = (lub‘𝐼)       ((𝐶 ∈ (Moore‘𝑋) ∧ 𝑈𝐶) → (𝐿𝑈) = (𝐹 𝑈))
 
TheoremmreclatBAD 17010* A Moore space is a complete lattice under inclusion. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 31-Jan-2015.) TODO (df-riota 6511 update): Reprove using isclat 16932 instead of the isclatBAD. hypothesis. See commented-out mreclat above.
𝐼 = (toInc‘𝐶)    &   (𝐼 ∈ CLat ↔ (𝐼 ∈ Poset ∧ ∀𝑥(𝑥 ⊆ (Base‘𝐼) → (((lub‘𝐼)‘𝑥) ∈ (Base‘𝐼) ∧ ((glb‘𝐼)‘𝑥) ∈ (Base‘𝐼)))))       (𝐶 ∈ (Moore‘𝑋) → 𝐼 ∈ CLat)
 
9.2.5  Distributive lattices
 
Theoremlatmass 17011 Lattice meet is associative. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Jan-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐾)    &    = (meet‘𝐾)       ((𝐾 ∈ Lat ∧ (𝑋𝐵𝑌𝐵𝑍𝐵)) → ((𝑋 𝑌) 𝑍) = (𝑋 (𝑌 𝑍)))
 
Theoremlatdisdlem 17012* Lemma for latdisd 17013. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Jan-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐾)    &    = (join‘𝐾)    &    = (meet‘𝐾)       (𝐾 ∈ Lat → (∀𝑢𝐵𝑣𝐵𝑤𝐵 (𝑢 (𝑣 𝑤)) = ((𝑢 𝑣) (𝑢 𝑤)) → ∀𝑥𝐵𝑦𝐵𝑧𝐵 (𝑥 (𝑦 𝑧)) = ((𝑥 𝑦) (𝑥 𝑧))))
 
Theoremlatdisd 17013* In a lattice, joins distribute over meets if and only if meets distribute over joins; the distributive property is self-dual. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 29-Jan-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐾)    &    = (join‘𝐾)    &    = (meet‘𝐾)       (𝐾 ∈ Lat → (∀𝑥𝐵𝑦𝐵𝑧𝐵 (𝑥 (𝑦 𝑧)) = ((𝑥 𝑦) (𝑥 𝑧)) ↔ ∀𝑥𝐵𝑦𝐵𝑧𝐵 (𝑥 (𝑦 𝑧)) = ((𝑥 𝑦) (𝑥 𝑧))))
 
Syntaxcdlat 17014 The class of distributive lattices.
class DLat
 
Definitiondf-dlat 17015* A distributive lattice is a lattice in which meets distribute over joins, or equivalently (latdisd 17013) joins distribute over meets. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Jan-2015.)
DLat = {𝑘 ∈ Lat ∣ [(Base‘𝑘) / 𝑏][(join‘𝑘) / 𝑗][(meet‘𝑘) / 𝑚]𝑥𝑏𝑦𝑏𝑧𝑏 (𝑥𝑚(𝑦𝑗𝑧)) = ((𝑥𝑚𝑦)𝑗(𝑥𝑚𝑧))}
 
Theoremisdlat 17016* Property of being a distributive lattice. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Jan-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐾)    &    = (join‘𝐾)    &    = (meet‘𝐾)       (𝐾 ∈ DLat ↔ (𝐾 ∈ Lat ∧ ∀𝑥𝐵𝑦𝐵𝑧𝐵 (𝑥 (𝑦 𝑧)) = ((𝑥 𝑦) (𝑥 𝑧))))
 
Theoremdlatmjdi 17017 In a distributive lattice, meets distribute over joins. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Jan-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐾)    &    = (join‘𝐾)    &    = (meet‘𝐾)       ((𝐾 ∈ DLat ∧ (𝑋𝐵𝑌𝐵𝑍𝐵)) → (𝑋 (𝑌 𝑍)) = ((𝑋 𝑌) (𝑋 𝑍)))
 
Theoremdlatl 17018 A distributive lattice is a lattice. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Jan-2015.)
(𝐾 ∈ DLat → 𝐾 ∈ Lat)
 
Theoremodudlatb 17019 The dual of a distributive lattice is a distributive lattice and conversely. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Jan-2015.)
𝐷 = (ODual‘𝐾)       (𝐾𝑉 → (𝐾 ∈ DLat ↔ 𝐷 ∈ DLat))
 
Theoremdlatjmdi 17020 In a distributive lattice, joins distribute over meets. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Jan-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐾)    &    = (join‘𝐾)    &    = (meet‘𝐾)       ((𝐾 ∈ DLat ∧ (𝑋𝐵𝑌𝐵𝑍𝐵)) → (𝑋 (𝑌 𝑍)) = ((𝑋 𝑌) (𝑋 𝑍)))
 
9.2.6  Posets and lattices as relations
 
Syntaxcps 17021 Extend class notation with the class of all posets.
class PosetRel
 
Syntaxctsr 17022 Extend class notation with the class of all totally ordered sets.
class TosetRel
 
Definitiondf-ps 17023 Define the class of all posets (partially ordered sets) with weak ordering (e.g., "less than or equal to" instead of "less than"). A poset is a relation which is transitive, reflexive, and antisymmetric. (Contributed by NM, 11-May-2008.)
PosetRel = {𝑟 ∣ (Rel 𝑟 ∧ (𝑟𝑟) ⊆ 𝑟 ∧ (𝑟𝑟) = ( I ↾ 𝑟))}
 
Definitiondf-tsr 17024 Define the class of all totally ordered sets. (Contributed by FL, 1-Nov-2009.)
TosetRel = {𝑟 ∈ PosetRel ∣ (dom 𝑟 × dom 𝑟) ⊆ (𝑟𝑟)}
 
Theoremisps 17025 The predicate "is a poset" i.e. a transitive, reflexive, antisymmetric relation. (Contributed by NM, 11-May-2008.)
(𝑅𝐴 → (𝑅 ∈ PosetRel ↔ (Rel 𝑅 ∧ (𝑅𝑅) ⊆ 𝑅 ∧ (𝑅𝑅) = ( I ↾ 𝑅))))
 
Theorempsrel 17026 A poset is a relation. (Contributed by NM, 12-May-2008.)
(𝐴 ∈ PosetRel → Rel 𝐴)
 
Theorempsref2 17027 A poset is antisymmetric and reflexive. (Contributed by FL, 3-Aug-2009.)
(𝑅 ∈ PosetRel → (𝑅𝑅) = ( I ↾ 𝑅))
 
Theorempstr2 17028 A poset is transitive. (Contributed by FL, 3-Aug-2009.)
(𝑅 ∈ PosetRel → (𝑅𝑅) ⊆ 𝑅)
 
Theorempslem 17029 Lemma for psref 17031 and others. (Contributed by NM, 12-May-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 30-Apr-2015.)
(𝑅 ∈ PosetRel → (((𝐴𝑅𝐵𝐵𝑅𝐶) → 𝐴𝑅𝐶) ∧ (𝐴 𝑅𝐴𝑅𝐴) ∧ ((𝐴𝑅𝐵𝐵𝑅𝐴) → 𝐴 = 𝐵)))
 
Theorempsdmrn 17030 The domain and range of a poset equal its field. (Contributed by NM, 13-May-2008.)
(𝑅 ∈ PosetRel → (dom 𝑅 = 𝑅 ∧ ran 𝑅 = 𝑅))
 
Theorempsref 17031 A poset is reflexive. (Contributed by NM, 13-May-2008.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       ((𝑅 ∈ PosetRel ∧ 𝐴𝑋) → 𝐴𝑅𝐴)
 
Theorempsrn 17032 The range of a poset equals it domain. (Contributed by NM, 7-Jul-2008.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       (𝑅 ∈ PosetRel → 𝑋 = ran 𝑅)
 
Theorempsasym 17033 A poset is antisymmetric. (Contributed by NM, 12-May-2008.)
((𝑅 ∈ PosetRel ∧ 𝐴𝑅𝐵𝐵𝑅𝐴) → 𝐴 = 𝐵)
 
Theorempstr 17034 A poset is transitive. (Contributed by NM, 12-May-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 30-Apr-2015.)
((𝑅 ∈ PosetRel ∧ 𝐴𝑅𝐵𝐵𝑅𝐶) → 𝐴𝑅𝐶)
 
Theoremcnvps 17035 The converse of a poset is a poset. In the general case (𝑅 ∈ PosetRel → 𝑅 ∈ PosetRel) is not true. See cnvpsb 17036 for a special case where the property holds. (Contributed by FL, 5-Jan-2009.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 3-Sep-2015.)
(𝑅 ∈ PosetRel → 𝑅 ∈ PosetRel)
 
Theoremcnvpsb 17036 The converse of a poset is a poset. (Contributed by FL, 5-Jan-2009.)
(Rel 𝑅 → (𝑅 ∈ PosetRel ↔ 𝑅 ∈ PosetRel))
 
Theorempsss 17037 Any subset of a partially ordered set is partially ordered. (Contributed by FL, 24-Jan-2010.)
(𝑅 ∈ PosetRel → (𝑅 ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐴)) ∈ PosetRel)
 
Theorempsssdm2 17038 Field of a subposet. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Sep-2015.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       (𝑅 ∈ PosetRel → dom (𝑅 ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐴)) = (𝑋𝐴))
 
Theorempsssdm 17039 Field of a subposet. (Contributed by FL, 19-Sep-2011.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-Sep-2015.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       ((𝑅 ∈ PosetRel ∧ 𝐴𝑋) → dom (𝑅 ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐴)) = 𝐴)
 
Theoremistsr 17040 The predicate is a toset. (Contributed by FL, 1-Nov-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Nov-2013.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       (𝑅 ∈ TosetRel ↔ (𝑅 ∈ PosetRel ∧ (𝑋 × 𝑋) ⊆ (𝑅𝑅)))
 
Theoremistsr2 17041* The predicate is a toset. (Contributed by FL, 1-Nov-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Nov-2013.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       (𝑅 ∈ TosetRel ↔ (𝑅 ∈ PosetRel ∧ ∀𝑥𝑋𝑦𝑋 (𝑥𝑅𝑦𝑦𝑅𝑥)))
 
Theoremtsrlin 17042 A toset is a linear order. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Sep-2015.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       ((𝑅 ∈ TosetRel ∧ 𝐴𝑋𝐵𝑋) → (𝐴𝑅𝐵𝐵𝑅𝐴))
 
Theoremtsrlemax 17043 Two ways of saying a number is less than or equal to the maximum of two others. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Sep-2015.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       ((𝑅 ∈ TosetRel ∧ (𝐴𝑋𝐵𝑋𝐶𝑋)) → (𝐴𝑅if(𝐵𝑅𝐶, 𝐶, 𝐵) ↔ (𝐴𝑅𝐵𝐴𝑅𝐶)))
 
Theoremtsrps 17044 A toset is a poset. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Sep-2015.)
(𝑅 ∈ TosetRel → 𝑅 ∈ PosetRel)
 
Theoremcnvtsr 17045 The converse of a toset is a toset. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 3-Sep-2015.)
(𝑅 ∈ TosetRel → 𝑅 ∈ TosetRel )
 
Theoremtsrss 17046 Any subset of a totally ordered set is totally ordered. (Contributed by FL, 24-Jan-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 21-Nov-2013.)
(𝑅 ∈ TosetRel → (𝑅 ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐴)) ∈ TosetRel )
 
Theoremledm 17047 domain of is *. (Contributed by FL, 2-Aug-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 4-May-2015.)
* = dom ≤
 
Theoremlern 17048 The range of is *. (Contributed by FL, 2-Aug-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Sep-2015.)
* = ran ≤
 
Theoremlefld 17049 The field of the 'less or equal to' relationship on the extended real. (Contributed by FL, 2-Aug-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 4-May-2015.)
* =
 
Theoremletsr 17050 The "less than or equal to" relationship on the extended reals is a toset. (Contributed by FL, 2-Aug-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Sep-2015.)
≤ ∈ TosetRel
 
9.2.7  Directed sets, nets
 
Syntaxcdir 17051 Extend class notation with the class of all directed sets.
class DirRel
 
Syntaxctail 17052 Extend class notation with the tail function.
class tail
 
Definitiondf-dir 17053 Define the class of all directed sets/directions. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 25-Nov-2009.)
DirRel = {𝑟 ∣ ((Rel 𝑟 ∧ ( I ↾ 𝑟) ⊆ 𝑟) ∧ ((𝑟𝑟) ⊆ 𝑟 ∧ ( 𝑟 × 𝑟) ⊆ (𝑟𝑟)))}
 
Definitiondf-tail 17054* Define the tail function for directed sets. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 25-Nov-2009.)
tail = (𝑟 ∈ DirRel ↦ (𝑥 𝑟 ↦ (𝑟 “ {𝑥})))
 
Theoremisdir 17055 A condition for a relation to be a direction. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 25-Nov-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Nov-2013.)
𝐴 = 𝑅       (𝑅𝑉 → (𝑅 ∈ DirRel ↔ ((Rel 𝑅 ∧ ( I ↾ 𝐴) ⊆ 𝑅) ∧ ((𝑅𝑅) ⊆ 𝑅 ∧ (𝐴 × 𝐴) ⊆ (𝑅𝑅)))))
 
Theoremreldir 17056 A direction is a relation. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 25-Nov-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Nov-2013.)
(𝑅 ∈ DirRel → Rel 𝑅)
 
Theoremdirdm 17057 A direction's domain is equal to its field. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 25-Nov-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Nov-2013.)
(𝑅 ∈ DirRel → dom 𝑅 = 𝑅)
 
Theoremdirref 17058 A direction is reflexive. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 25-Nov-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Nov-2013.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       ((𝑅 ∈ DirRel ∧ 𝐴𝑋) → 𝐴𝑅𝐴)
 
Theoremdirtr 17059 A direction is transitive. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 25-Nov-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Nov-2013.)
(((𝑅 ∈ DirRel ∧ 𝐶𝑉) ∧ (𝐴𝑅𝐵𝐵𝑅𝐶)) → 𝐴𝑅𝐶)
 
Theoremdirge 17060* For any two elements of a directed set, there exists a third element greater than or equal to both. (Note that this does not say that the two elements have a least upper bound.) (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 25-Nov-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Nov-2013.)
𝑋 = dom 𝑅       ((𝑅 ∈ DirRel ∧ 𝐴𝑋𝐵𝑋) → ∃𝑥𝑋 (𝐴𝑅𝑥𝐵𝑅𝑥))
 
Theoremtsrdir 17061 A totally ordered set is a directed set. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 25-Nov-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Nov-2013.)
(𝐴 ∈ TosetRel → 𝐴 ∈ DirRel)
 
PART 10  BASIC ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES
 
10.1  Monoids
 
10.1.1  Magmas

According to Wikipedia ("Magma (algebra)", 08-Jan-2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magma_(algebra)) "In abstract algebra, a magma [...] is a basic kind of algebraic structure. Specifically, a magma consists of a set equipped with a single binary operation. The binary operation must be closed by definition but no other properties are imposed.".

Since the concept of a "binary operation" is used in different variants, these differences are explained in more detail in the following:

With df-mpt2 6554, binary operations are defined by a rule, and with df-ov 6552, the value of a binary operation applied to two operands can be expressed. In both cases, the two operands can belong to different sets, and the result can be an element of a third set. However, according to Wikipedia "Binary operation", see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_operation (19-Jan-2020), "... a binary operation on a set 𝑆 is a mapping of the elements of the Cartesian product 𝑆 × 𝑆 to S: 𝑓:(𝑆 × 𝑆𝑆). Because the result of performing the operation on a pair of elements of S is again an element of S, the operation is called a closed binary operation on S (or sometimes expressed as having the property of closure).". To distinguish this more restrictive definition (in Wikipedia and most of the literature) from the general case, binary operations mapping the elements of the Cartesian product 𝑆 × 𝑆 are more precisely called internal binary operations. If, in addition, the result is also contained in the set 𝑆, the operation should be called closed internal binary operation. Therefore, a "binary operation on a set 𝑆" according to Wikipedia is a "closed internal binary operation" in a more precise terminology. If the sets are different, the operation is explicitly called external binary operation (see Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_operation#External_binary_operations ).

The definition of magmas (Mgm, see df-mgm 17065) concentrates on the closure property of the associated operation, and poses no additional restrictions on it. In this way, it is most general and flexible.

 
Syntaxcplusf 17062 Extend class notation with group addition as a function.
class +𝑓
 
Syntaxcmgm 17063 Extend class notation with class of all magmas.
class Mgm
 
Definitiondf-plusf 17064* Define group addition function. Usually we will use +g directly instead of +𝑓, and they have the same behavior in most cases. The main advantage of +𝑓 for any magma is that it is a guaranteed function (mgmplusf 17074), while +g only has closure (mgmcl 17068). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
+𝑓 = (𝑔 ∈ V ↦ (𝑥 ∈ (Base‘𝑔), 𝑦 ∈ (Base‘𝑔) ↦ (𝑥(+g𝑔)𝑦)))
 
Definitiondf-mgm 17065* A magma is a set equipped with an everywhere defined internal operation. Definition 1 in [BourbakiAlg1] p. 1, or definition of a groupoid in section I.1 of [Bruck] p. 1. Note: The term "groupoid" is now widely used to refer to other objects: (small) categories all of whose morphisms are invertible, or groups with a partial function replacing the binary operation. Therefore, we will only use the term "magma" for the present notion in set.mm. (Contributed by FL, 2-Nov-2009.) (Revised by AV, 6-Jan-2020.)
Mgm = {𝑔[(Base‘𝑔) / 𝑏][(+g𝑔) / 𝑜]𝑥𝑏𝑦𝑏 (𝑥𝑜𝑦) ∈ 𝑏}
 
Theoremismgm 17066* The predicate "is a magma". (Contributed by FL, 2-Nov-2009.) (Revised by AV, 6-Jan-2020.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝑀)    &    = (+g𝑀)       (𝑀𝑉 → (𝑀 ∈ Mgm ↔ ∀𝑥𝐵𝑦𝐵 (𝑥 𝑦) ∈ 𝐵))
 
Theoremismgmn0 17067* The predicate "is a magma" for a structure with a nonempty base set. (Contributed by AV, 29-Jan-2020.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝑀)    &    = (+g𝑀)       (𝐴𝐵 → (𝑀 ∈ Mgm ↔ ∀𝑥𝐵𝑦𝐵 (𝑥 𝑦) ∈ 𝐵))
 
Theoremmgmcl 17068 Closure of the operation of a magma. (Contributed by FL, 14-Sep-2010.) (Revised by AV, 13-Jan-2020.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝑀)    &    = (+g𝑀)       ((𝑀 ∈ Mgm ∧ 𝑋𝐵𝑌𝐵) → (𝑋 𝑌) ∈ 𝐵)
 
Theoremisnmgm 17069 A condition for a structure not to be a magma. (Contributed by AV, 30-Jan-2020.) (Proof shortened by NM, 5-Feb-2020.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝑀)    &    = (+g𝑀)       ((𝑋𝐵𝑌𝐵 ∧ (𝑋 𝑌) ∉ 𝐵) → 𝑀 ∉ Mgm)
 
Theoremplusffval 17070* The group addition operation as a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &    = (+𝑓𝐺)        = (𝑥𝐵, 𝑦𝐵 ↦ (𝑥 + 𝑦))
 
Theoremplusfval 17071 The group addition operation as a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &    = (+𝑓𝐺)       ((𝑋𝐵𝑌𝐵) → (𝑋 𝑌) = (𝑋 + 𝑌))
 
Theoremplusfeq 17072 If the addition operation is already a function, the functionalization of it is equal to the original operation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &    = (+𝑓𝐺)       ( + Fn (𝐵 × 𝐵) → = + )
 
Theoremplusffn 17073 The group addition operation is a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Sep-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    = (+𝑓𝐺)        Fn (𝐵 × 𝐵)
 
Theoremmgmplusf 17074 The group addition function of a magma is a function into its base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.) (Revisd by AV, 28-Jan-2020.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝑀)    &    = (+𝑓𝑀)       (𝑀 ∈ Mgm → :(𝐵 × 𝐵)⟶𝐵)
 
Theoremissstrmgm 17075* Characterize a substructure as submagma by closure properties. (Contributed by AV, 30-Aug-2021.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   𝐻 = (𝐺s 𝑆)       ((𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵) → (𝐻 ∈ Mgm ↔ ∀𝑥𝑆𝑦𝑆 (𝑥 + 𝑦) ∈ 𝑆))
 
Theoremintopsn 17076 The internal operation for a set is the trivial operation iff the set is a singleton. Formerly part of proof of ring1zr 19096. (Contributed by FL, 13-Feb-2010.) (Revised by AV, 23-Jan-2020.)
(( :(𝐵 × 𝐵)⟶𝐵𝑍𝐵) → (𝐵 = {𝑍} ↔ = {⟨⟨𝑍, 𝑍⟩, 𝑍⟩}))
 
Theoremmgmb1mgm1 17077 The only magma with a base set consisting of one element is the trivial magma (at least if its operation is an internal binary operation). (Contributed by AV, 23-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 7-Feb-2020.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝑀)    &    + = (+g𝑀)       ((𝑀 ∈ Mgm ∧ 𝑍𝐵+ Fn (𝐵 × 𝐵)) → (𝐵 = {𝑍} ↔ + = {⟨⟨𝑍, 𝑍⟩, 𝑍⟩}))
 
Theoremmgm0 17078 Any set with an empty base set and any group operation is a magma. (Contributed by AV, 28-Aug-2021.)
((𝑀𝑉 ∧ (Base‘𝑀) = ∅) → 𝑀 ∈ Mgm)
 
Theoremmgm0b 17079 The structure with an empty base set and any group operation is a magma. (Contributed by AV, 28-Aug-2021.)
{⟨(Base‘ndx), ∅⟩, ⟨(+g‘ndx), 𝑂⟩} ∈ Mgm
 
Theoremmgm1 17080 The structure with one element and the only closed internal operation for a singleton is a magma. (Contributed by AV, 10-Feb-2020.)
𝑀 = {⟨(Base‘ndx), {𝐼}⟩, ⟨(+g‘ndx), {⟨⟨𝐼, 𝐼⟩, 𝐼⟩}⟩}       (𝐼𝑉𝑀 ∈ Mgm)
 
Theoremopifismgm 17081* A structure with a group addition operation expressed by a conditional operator is a magma if both values of the conditional operator are contained in the base set. (Contributed by AV, 9-Feb-2020.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝑀)    &   (+g𝑀) = (𝑥𝐵, 𝑦𝐵 ↦ if(𝜓, 𝐶, 𝐷))    &   (𝜑𝐵 ≠ ∅)    &   ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥𝐵𝑦𝐵)) → 𝐶𝐵)    &   ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥𝐵𝑦𝐵)) → 𝐷𝐵)       (𝜑𝑀 ∈ Mgm)
 
10.1.2  Identity elements

According to Wikipedia ("Identity element", 7-Feb-2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_element): "In mathematics, an identity element, or neutral element, is a special type of element of a set with respect to a binary operation on that set, which leaves any element of the set unchanged when combined with it.". Or in more detail "... an element e of S is called a left identity if e * a = a for all a in S, and a right identity if a * e = a for all a in S. If e is both a left identity and a right identity, then it is called a two-sided identity, or simply an identity." We concentrate on two-sided identities in the following. The existence of an identity (an identity is unique if it exists, see mgmidmo 17082) is an important property of monoids (see mndid 17126), and therefore also for groups (see grpid 17280), but also for magmas not required to be associative. Non-associative magmas having an identity element are called "unital magmas" (see Definition 2 in [BourbakiAlg1] p. 12) or, if the magmas are cancellative, "loops" (see definition in [Bruck] p. 15).

In the context of extensible structures, the identity element (of any magma 𝑀) is defined as "group identity element" (0g𝑀), see df-0g 15925. Related theorems which are already valid for magmas are provided in the following.

 
Theoremmgmidmo 17082* A two-sided identity element is unique (if it exists) in any magma. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Dec-2014.) (Revised by NM, 17-Jun-2017.)
∃*𝑢𝐵𝑥𝐵 ((𝑢 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 ∧ (𝑥 + 𝑢) = 𝑥)
 
Theoremgrpidval 17083* The value of the identity element of a group. (Contributed by NM, 20-Aug-2011.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-Oct-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &    0 = (0g𝐺)        0 = (℩𝑒(𝑒𝐵 ∧ ∀𝑥𝐵 ((𝑒 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 ∧ (𝑥 + 𝑒) = 𝑥)))
 
Theoremgrpidpropd 17084* If two structures have the same base set, and the values of their group (addition) operations are equal for all pairs of elements of the base set, they have the same identity element. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Nov-2014.)
(𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐿))    &   ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥𝐵𝑦𝐵)) → (𝑥(+g𝐾)𝑦) = (𝑥(+g𝐿)𝑦))       (𝜑 → (0g𝐾) = (0g𝐿))
 
Theoremfn0g 17085 The group zero extractor is a function. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 10-Jan-2015.)
0g Fn V
 
Theorem0g0 17086 The identity element function evaluates to the empty set on an empty structure. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 2-Oct-2015.)
∅ = (0g‘∅)
 
Theoremismgmid 17087* The identity element of a magma, if it exists, belongs to the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    0 = (0g𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   (𝜑 → ∃𝑒𝐵𝑥𝐵 ((𝑒 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 ∧ (𝑥 + 𝑒) = 𝑥))       (𝜑 → ((𝑈𝐵 ∧ ∀𝑥𝐵 ((𝑈 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 ∧ (𝑥 + 𝑈) = 𝑥)) ↔ 0 = 𝑈))
 
Theoremmgmidcl 17088* The identity element of a magma, if it exists, belongs to the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    0 = (0g𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   (𝜑 → ∃𝑒𝐵𝑥𝐵 ((𝑒 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 ∧ (𝑥 + 𝑒) = 𝑥))       (𝜑0𝐵)
 
Theoremmgmlrid 17089* The identity element of a magma, if it exists, is a left and right identity. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    0 = (0g𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   (𝜑 → ∃𝑒𝐵𝑥𝐵 ((𝑒 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 ∧ (𝑥 + 𝑒) = 𝑥))       ((𝜑𝑋𝐵) → (( 0 + 𝑋) = 𝑋 ∧ (𝑋 + 0 ) = 𝑋))
 
Theoremismgmid2 17090* Show that a given element is the identity element of a magma. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    0 = (0g𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   (𝜑𝑈𝐵)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐵) → (𝑈 + 𝑥) = 𝑥)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐵) → (𝑥 + 𝑈) = 𝑥)       (𝜑𝑈 = 0 )
 
Theoremgrpidd 17091* Deduce the identity element of a magma from its properties. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Jan-2015.)
(𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺))    &   (𝜑+ = (+g𝐺))    &   (𝜑0𝐵)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐵) → ( 0 + 𝑥) = 𝑥)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐵) → (𝑥 + 0 ) = 𝑥)       (𝜑0 = (0g𝐺))
 
Theoremmgmidsssn0 17092* Property of the set of identities of 𝐺. Either 𝐺 has no identities, and 𝑂 = ∅, or it has one and this identity is unique and identified by the 0g function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Dec-2014.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    0 = (0g𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   𝑂 = {𝑥𝐵 ∣ ∀𝑦𝐵 ((𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 ∧ (𝑦 + 𝑥) = 𝑦)}       (𝐺𝑉𝑂 ⊆ { 0 })
 
10.1.3  Ordered sums in a magma

Usually, the symbol Σg is used in the context of (abelian) groups. Therefore it is called "group sum". It can be used, however, also for magmas, that's why the related theorems are provided in the following. If the magma is either not commutative or not associative or has no identity, special care has to be taken. E.g. the order of the single additions could be important, see remark 2. in the comment for df-gsum 15926.

 
Theoremgsumvalx 17093* Expand out the substitutions in df-gsum 15926. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Sep-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    0 = (0g𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   𝑂 = {𝑠𝐵 ∣ ∀𝑡𝐵 ((𝑠 + 𝑡) = 𝑡 ∧ (𝑡 + 𝑠) = 𝑡)}    &   (𝜑𝑊 = (𝐹 “ (V ∖ 𝑂)))    &   (𝜑𝐺𝑉)    &   (𝜑𝐹𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → dom 𝐹 = 𝐴)       (𝜑 → (𝐺 Σg 𝐹) = if(ran 𝐹𝑂, 0 , if(𝐴 ∈ ran ..., (℩𝑥𝑚𝑛 ∈ (ℤ𝑚)(𝐴 = (𝑚...𝑛) ∧ 𝑥 = (seq𝑚( + , 𝐹)‘𝑛))), (℩𝑥𝑓(𝑓:(1...(#‘𝑊))–1-1-onto𝑊𝑥 = (seq1( + , (𝐹𝑓))‘(#‘𝑊)))))))
 
Theoremgsumval 17094* Expand out the substitutions in df-gsum 15926. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Dec-2014.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    0 = (0g𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   𝑂 = {𝑠𝐵 ∣ ∀𝑡𝐵 ((𝑠 + 𝑡) = 𝑡 ∧ (𝑡 + 𝑠) = 𝑡)}    &   (𝜑𝑊 = (𝐹 “ (V ∖ 𝑂)))    &   (𝜑𝐺𝑉)    &   (𝜑𝐴𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐹:𝐴𝐵)       (𝜑 → (𝐺 Σg 𝐹) = if(ran 𝐹𝑂, 0 , if(𝐴 ∈ ran ..., (℩𝑥𝑚𝑛 ∈ (ℤ𝑚)(𝐴 = (𝑚...𝑛) ∧ 𝑥 = (seq𝑚( + , 𝐹)‘𝑛))), (℩𝑥𝑓(𝑓:(1...(#‘𝑊))–1-1-onto𝑊𝑥 = (seq1( + , (𝐹𝑓))‘(#‘𝑊)))))))
 
Theoremgsumpropd 17095 The group sum depends only on the base set and additive operation. Note that for entirely unrestricted functions, there can be dependency on out-of-domain values of the operation, so this is somewhat weaker than mndpropd 17139 etc. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Feb-2015.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 18-Sep-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹𝑉)    &   (𝜑𝐺𝑊)    &   (𝜑𝐻𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (Base‘𝐺) = (Base‘𝐻))    &   (𝜑 → (+g𝐺) = (+g𝐻))       (𝜑 → (𝐺 Σg 𝐹) = (𝐻 Σg 𝐹))
 
Theoremgsumpropd2lem 17096* Lemma for gsumpropd2 17097. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 28-Jun-2017.)
(𝜑𝐹𝑉)    &   (𝜑𝐺𝑊)    &   (𝜑𝐻𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (Base‘𝐺) = (Base‘𝐻))    &   ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑠 ∈ (Base‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑡 ∈ (Base‘𝐺))) → (𝑠(+g𝐺)𝑡) ∈ (Base‘𝐺))    &   ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑠 ∈ (Base‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑡 ∈ (Base‘𝐺))) → (𝑠(+g𝐺)𝑡) = (𝑠(+g𝐻)𝑡))    &   (𝜑 → Fun 𝐹)    &   (𝜑 → ran 𝐹 ⊆ (Base‘𝐺))    &   𝐴 = (𝐹 “ (V ∖ {𝑠 ∈ (Base‘𝐺) ∣ ∀𝑡 ∈ (Base‘𝐺)((𝑠(+g𝐺)𝑡) = 𝑡 ∧ (𝑡(+g𝐺)𝑠) = 𝑡)}))    &   𝐵 = (𝐹 “ (V ∖ {𝑠 ∈ (Base‘𝐻) ∣ ∀𝑡 ∈ (Base‘𝐻)((𝑠(+g𝐻)𝑡) = 𝑡 ∧ (𝑡(+g𝐻)𝑠) = 𝑡)}))       (𝜑 → (𝐺 Σg 𝐹) = (𝐻 Σg 𝐹))
 
Theoremgsumpropd2 17097* A stronger version of gsumpropd 17095, working for magma, where only the closure of the addition operation on a common base is required, see gsummgmpropd 17098. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 28-Jun-2017.)
(𝜑𝐹𝑉)    &   (𝜑𝐺𝑊)    &   (𝜑𝐻𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (Base‘𝐺) = (Base‘𝐻))    &   ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑠 ∈ (Base‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑡 ∈ (Base‘𝐺))) → (𝑠(+g𝐺)𝑡) ∈ (Base‘𝐺))    &   ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑠 ∈ (Base‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑡 ∈ (Base‘𝐺))) → (𝑠(+g𝐺)𝑡) = (𝑠(+g𝐻)𝑡))    &   (𝜑 → Fun 𝐹)    &   (𝜑 → ran 𝐹 ⊆ (Base‘𝐺))       (𝜑 → (𝐺 Σg 𝐹) = (𝐻 Σg 𝐹))
 
Theoremgsummgmpropd 17098* A stronger version of gsumpropd 17095 if at least one of the involved structures is a magma, see gsumpropd2 17097. (Contributed by AV, 31-Jan-2020.)
(𝜑𝐹𝑉)    &   (𝜑𝐺𝑊)    &   (𝜑𝐻𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (Base‘𝐺) = (Base‘𝐻))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ Mgm)    &   ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑠 ∈ (Base‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑡 ∈ (Base‘𝐺))) → (𝑠(+g𝐺)𝑡) = (𝑠(+g𝐻)𝑡))    &   (𝜑 → Fun 𝐹)    &   (𝜑 → ran 𝐹 ⊆ (Base‘𝐺))       (𝜑 → (𝐺 Σg 𝐹) = (𝐻 Σg 𝐹))
 
Theoremgsumress 17099* The group sum in a substructure is the same as the group sum in the original structure. The only requirement on the substructure is that it contain the identity element; neither 𝐺 nor 𝐻 need be groups. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 19-Dec-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 30-Apr-2015.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   𝐻 = (𝐺s 𝑆)    &   (𝜑𝐺𝑉)    &   (𝜑𝐴𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝑆𝐵)    &   (𝜑𝐹:𝐴𝑆)    &   (𝜑0𝑆)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐵) → (( 0 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 ∧ (𝑥 + 0 ) = 𝑥))       (𝜑 → (𝐺 Σg 𝐹) = (𝐻 Σg 𝐹))
 
Theoremgsumval1 17100* Value of the group sum operation when every element being summed is an identity of 𝐺. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Dec-2014.)
𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &    0 = (0g𝐺)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   𝑂 = {𝑥𝐵 ∣ ∀𝑦𝐵 ((𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 ∧ (𝑦 + 𝑥) = 𝑦)}    &   (𝜑𝐺𝑉)    &   (𝜑𝐴𝑊)    &   (𝜑𝐹:𝐴𝑂)       (𝜑 → (𝐺 Σg 𝐹) = 0 )
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268 26701-26800 269 26801-26900 270 26901-27000 271 27001-27100 272 27101-27200 273 27201-27300 274 27301-27400 275 27401-27500 276 27501-27600 277 27601-27700 278 27701-27800 279 27801-27900 280 27901-28000 281 28001-28100 282 28101-28200 283 28201-28300 284 28301-28400 285 28401-28500 286 28501-28600 287 28601-28700 288 28701-28800 289 28801-28900 290 28901-29000 291 29001-29100 292 29101-29200 293 29201-29300 294 29301-29400 295 29401-29500 296 29501-29600 297 29601-29700 298 29701-29800 299 29801-29900 300 29901-30000 301 30001-30100 302 30101-30200 303 30201-30300 304 30301-30400 305 30401-30500 306 30501-30600 307 30601-30700 308 30701-30800 309 30801-30900 310 30901-31000 311 31001-31100 312 31101-31200 313 31201-31300 314 31301-31400 315 31401-31500 316 31501-31600 317 31601-31700 318 31701-31800 319 31801-31900 320 31901-32000 321 32001-32100 322 32101-32200 323 32201-32300 324 32301-32400 325 32401-32500 326 32501-32600 327 32601-32700 328 32701-32800 329 32801-32900 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