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Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 3301-3400   *Has distinct variable group(s)
TypeLabelDescription
Statement
 
Theoreminundifss 3301 The intersection and class difference of a class with another class are contained in the original class. In classical logic we'd be able to make a stronger statement: that everything in the original class is in the intersection or the difference (that is, this theorem would be equality rather than subset). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 4-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( ( A  i^i  B )  u.  ( A 
 \  B ) ) 
 C_  A
 
Theoremdifun2 3302 Absorption of union by difference. Theorem 36 of [Suppes] p. 29. (Contributed by NM, 19-May-1998.)
 |-  ( ( A  u.  B )  \  B )  =  ( A  \  B )
 
Theoremundifss 3303 Union of complementary parts into whole. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 4-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( A  C_  B  <->  ( A  u.  ( B 
 \  A ) ) 
 C_  B )
 
Theoremssdifin0 3304 A subset of a difference does not intersect the subtrahend. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 1-Sep-2013.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 24-Aug-2015.)
 |-  ( A  C_  ( B  \  C )  ->  ( A  i^i  C )  =  (/) )
 
Theoremssdifeq0 3305 A class is a subclass of itself subtracted from another iff it is the empty set. (Contributed by Steve Rodriguez, 20-Nov-2015.)
 |-  ( A  C_  ( B  \  A )  <->  A  =  (/) )
 
Theoremssundifim 3306 A consequence of inclusion in the union of two classes. In classical logic this would be a biconditional. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 4-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( A  C_  ( B  u.  C )  ->  ( A  \  B ) 
 C_  C )
 
Theoremdifdifdirss 3307 Distributive law for class difference. In classical logic, as in Exercise 4.8 of [Stoll] p. 16, this would be equality rather than subset. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 4-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( ( A  \  B )  \  C ) 
 C_  ( ( A 
 \  C )  \  ( B  \  C ) )
 
Theoremuneqdifeqim 3308 Two ways that  A and  B can "partition"  C (when  A and  B don't overlap and  A is a part of  C). In classical logic, the second implication would be a biconditional. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 4-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( ( A  C_  C  /\  ( A  i^i  B )  =  (/) )  ->  ( ( A  u.  B )  =  C  ->  ( C  \  A )  =  B )
 )
 
Theoremr19.2m 3309* Theorem 19.2 of [Margaris] p. 89 with restricted quantifiers (compare 19.2 1529). The restricted version is valid only when the domain of quantification is inhabited. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( ( E. x  x  e.  A  /\  A. x  e.  A  ph )  ->  E. x  e.  A  ph )
 
Theoremr19.3rm 3310* Restricted quantification of wff not containing quantified variable. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 19-Dec-2018.)
 |- 
 F/ x ph   =>    |-  ( E. y  y  e.  A  ->  ( ph 
 <-> 
 A. x  e.  A  ph ) )
 
Theoremr19.28m 3311* Restricted quantifier version of Theorem 19.28 of [Margaris] p. 90. It is valid only when the domain of quantification is inhabited. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Aug-2018.)
 |- 
 F/ x ph   =>    |-  ( E. x  x  e.  A  ->  ( A. x  e.  A  ( ph  /\  ps )  <->  (
 ph  /\  A. x  e.  A  ps ) ) )
 
Theoremr19.3rmv 3312* Restricted quantification of wff not containing quantified variable. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( E. y  y  e.  A  ->  ( ph 
 <-> 
 A. x  e.  A  ph ) )
 
Theoremr19.9rmv 3313* Restricted quantification of wff not containing quantified variable. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( E. y  y  e.  A  ->  ( ph 
 <-> 
 E. x  e.  A  ph ) )
 
Theoremr19.28mv 3314* Restricted quantifier version of Theorem 19.28 of [Margaris] p. 90. It is valid only when the domain of quantification is inhabited. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( E. x  x  e.  A  ->  ( A. x  e.  A  ( ph  /\  ps )  <->  (
 ph  /\  A. x  e.  A  ps ) ) )
 
Theoremr19.45mv 3315* Restricted version of Theorem 19.45 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 27-May-1998.)
 |-  ( E. x  x  e.  A  ->  ( E. x  e.  A  ( ph  \/  ps )  <->  (
 ph  \/  E. x  e.  A  ps ) ) )
 
Theoremr19.27m 3316* Restricted quantifier version of Theorem 19.27 of [Margaris] p. 90. It is valid only when the domain of quantification is inhabited. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Aug-2018.)
 |- 
 F/ x ps   =>    |-  ( E. x  x  e.  A  ->  (
 A. x  e.  A  ( ph  /\  ps )  <->  (
 A. x  e.  A  ph 
 /\  ps ) ) )
 
Theoremr19.27mv 3317* Restricted quantifier version of Theorem 19.27 of [Margaris] p. 90. It is valid only when the domain of quantification is inhabited. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( E. x  x  e.  A  ->  ( A. x  e.  A  ( ph  /\  ps )  <->  (
 A. x  e.  A  ph 
 /\  ps ) ) )
 
Theoremrzal 3318* Vacuous quantification is always true. (Contributed by NM, 11-Mar-1997.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 26-Jun-2011.)
 |-  ( A  =  (/)  ->  A. x  e.  A  ph )
 
Theoremrexn0 3319* Restricted existential quantification implies its restriction is nonempty (it is also inhabited as shown in rexm 3320). (Contributed by Szymon Jaroszewicz, 3-Apr-2007.)
 |-  ( E. x  e.  A  ph  ->  A  =/=  (/) )
 
Theoremrexm 3320* Restricted existential quantification implies its restriction is inhabited. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Oct-2018.)
 |-  ( E. x  e.  A  ph  ->  E. x  x  e.  A )
 
Theoremralidm 3321* Idempotent law for restricted quantifier. (Contributed by NM, 28-Mar-1997.)
 |-  ( A. x  e.  A  A. x  e.  A  ph  <->  A. x  e.  A  ph )
 
Theoremral0 3322 Vacuous universal quantification is always true. (Contributed by NM, 20-Oct-2005.)
 |- 
 A. x  e.  (/)  ph
 
Theoremrgenm 3323* Generalization rule that eliminates an inhabited class requirement. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( ( E. x  x  e.  A  /\  x  e.  A )  -> 
 ph )   =>    |- 
 A. x  e.  A  ph
 
Theoremralf0 3324* The quantification of a falsehood is vacuous when true. (Contributed by NM, 26-Nov-2005.)
 |- 
 -.  ph   =>    |-  ( A. x  e.  A  ph  <->  A  =  (/) )
 
Theoremralm 3325 Inhabited classes and restricted quantification. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Aug-2018.)
 |-  ( ( E. x  x  e.  A  ->  A. x  e.  A  ph ) 
 <-> 
 A. x  e.  A  ph )
 
Theoremraaanlem 3326* Special case of raaan 3327 where  A is inhabited. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Aug-2018.)
 |- 
 F/ y ph   &    |-  F/ x ps   =>    |-  ( E. x  x  e.  A  ->  ( A. x  e.  A  A. y  e.  A  ( ph  /\  ps ) 
 <->  ( A. x  e.  A  ph  /\  A. y  e.  A  ps ) ) )
 
Theoremraaan 3327* Rearrange restricted quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 26-Oct-2010.)
 |- 
 F/ y ph   &    |-  F/ x ps   =>    |-  ( A. x  e.  A  A. y  e.  A  (
 ph  /\  ps )  <->  (
 A. x  e.  A  ph 
 /\  A. y  e.  A  ps ) )
 
Theoremraaanv 3328* Rearrange restricted quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 11-Mar-1997.)
 |-  ( A. x  e.  A  A. y  e.  A  ( ph  /\  ps ) 
 <->  ( A. x  e.  A  ph  /\  A. y  e.  A  ps ) )
 
Theoremsbss 3329* Set substitution into the first argument of a subset relation. (Contributed by Rodolfo Medina, 7-Jul-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2016.)
 |-  ( [ y  /  x ] x  C_  A  <->  y 
 C_  A )
 
Theoremsbcssg 3330 Distribute proper substitution through a subclass relation. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 22-Jul-2012.) (Proof shortened by Alexander van der Vekens, 23-Jul-2017.)
 |-  ( A  e.  V  ->  ( [. A  /  x ]. B  C_  C  <->  [_ A  /  x ]_ B  C_  [_ A  /  x ]_ C ) )
 
2.1.15  Conditional operator
 
Syntaxcif 3331 Extend class notation to include the conditional operator. See df-if 3332 for a description. (In older databases this was denoted "ded".)
 class  if ( ph ,  A ,  B )
 
Definitiondf-if 3332* Define the conditional operator. Read  if ( ph ,  A ,  B ) as "if  ph then  A else  B." See iftrue 3336 and iffalse 3339 for its values. In mathematical literature, this operator is rarely defined formally but is implicit in informal definitions such as "let f(x)=0 if x=0 and 1/x otherwise."

In the absence of excluded middle, this will tend to be useful where  ph is decidable (in the sense of df-dc 743). (Contributed by NM, 15-May-1999.)

 |- 
 if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  =  { x  |  ( ( x  e.  A  /\  ph )  \/  ( x  e.  B  /\  -.  ph ) ) }
 
Theoremdfif6 3333* An alternate definition of the conditional operator df-if 3332 as a simple class abstraction. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
 |- 
 if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  =  ( { x  e.  A  |  ph }  u.  { x  e.  B  |  -.  ph } )
 
Theoremifeq1 3334 Equality theorem for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 1-Sep-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
 |-  ( A  =  B  ->  if ( ph ,  A ,  C )  =  if ( ph ,  B ,  C )
 )
 
Theoremifeq2 3335 Equality theorem for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 1-Sep-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
 |-  ( A  =  B  ->  if ( ph ,  C ,  A )  =  if ( ph ,  C ,  B )
 )
 
Theoremiftrue 3336 Value of the conditional operator when its first argument is true. (Contributed by NM, 15-May-1999.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 26-Jun-2011.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  =  A )
 
Theoremiftruei 3337 Inference associated with iftrue 3336. (Contributed by BJ, 7-Oct-2018.)
 |-  ph   =>    |- 
 if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  =  A
 
Theoremiftrued 3338 Value of the conditional operator when its first argument is true. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 11-Dec-2019.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  ch )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ch ,  A ,  B )  =  A )
 
Theoremiffalse 3339 Value of the conditional operator when its first argument is false. (Contributed by NM, 14-Aug-1999.)
 |-  ( -.  ph  ->  if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  =  B )
 
Theoremiffalsei 3340 Inference associated with iffalse 3339. (Contributed by BJ, 7-Oct-2018.)
 |- 
 -.  ph   =>    |- 
 if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  =  B
 
Theoremiffalsed 3341 Value of the conditional operator when its first argument is false. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 11-Dec-2019.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  -.  ch )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ch ,  A ,  B )  =  B )
 
Theoremifnefalse 3342 When values are unequal, but an "if" condition checks if they are equal, then the "false" branch results. This is a simple utility to provide a slight shortening and simplification of proofs vs. applying iffalse 3339 directly in this case. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 15-May-2015.)
 |-  ( A  =/=  B  ->  if ( A  =  B ,  C ,  D )  =  D )
 
Theoremdfif3 3343* Alternate definition of the conditional operator df-if 3332. Note that  ph is independent of  x i.e. a constant true or false. (Contributed by NM, 25-Aug-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
 |-  C  =  { x  |  ph }   =>    |- 
 if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  =  ( ( A  i^i  C )  u.  ( B  i^i  ( _V  \  C ) ) )
 
Theoremifeq12 3344 Equality theorem for conditional operators. (Contributed by NM, 1-Sep-2004.)
 |-  ( ( A  =  B  /\  C  =  D )  ->  if ( ph ,  A ,  C )  =  if ( ph ,  B ,  D ) )
 
Theoremifeq1d 3345 Equality deduction for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 16-Feb-2005.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  A  =  B )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ps ,  A ,  C )  =  if ( ps ,  B ,  C ) )
 
Theoremifeq2d 3346 Equality deduction for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 16-Feb-2005.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  A  =  B )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ps ,  C ,  A )  =  if ( ps ,  C ,  B ) )
 
Theoremifeq12d 3347 Equality deduction for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 24-Mar-2015.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  A  =  B )   &    |-  ( ph  ->  C  =  D )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ps ,  A ,  C )  =  if ( ps ,  B ,  D ) )
 
Theoremifbi 3348 Equivalence theorem for conditional operators. (Contributed by Raph Levien, 15-Jan-2004.)
 |-  ( ( ph  <->  ps )  ->  if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  =  if ( ps ,  A ,  B ) )
 
Theoremifbid 3349 Equivalence deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by NM, 18-Apr-2005.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  ( ps 
 <->  ch ) )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ps ,  A ,  B )  =  if ( ch ,  A ,  B ) )
 
Theoremifbieq1d 3350 Equivalence/equality deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by JJ, 25-Sep-2018.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  ( ps 
 <->  ch ) )   &    |-  ( ph  ->  A  =  B )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ps ,  A ,  C )  =  if ( ch ,  B ,  C ) )
 
Theoremifbieq2i 3351 Equivalence/equality inference for conditional operators. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
 |-  ( ph  <->  ps )   &    |-  A  =  B   =>    |-  if ( ph ,  C ,  A )  =  if ( ps ,  C ,  B )
 
Theoremifbieq2d 3352 Equivalence/equality deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  ( ps 
 <->  ch ) )   &    |-  ( ph  ->  A  =  B )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ps ,  C ,  A )  =  if ( ch ,  C ,  B ) )
 
Theoremifbieq12i 3353 Equivalence deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by NM, 18-Mar-2013.)
 |-  ( ph  <->  ps )   &    |-  A  =  C   &    |-  B  =  D   =>    |- 
 if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  =  if ( ps ,  C ,  D )
 
Theoremifbieq12d 3354 Equivalence deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  ( ps 
 <->  ch ) )   &    |-  ( ph  ->  A  =  C )   &    |-  ( ph  ->  B  =  D )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ps ,  A ,  B )  =  if ( ch ,  C ,  D ) )
 
Theoremnfifd 3355 Deduction version of nfif 3356. (Contributed by NM, 15-Feb-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 13-Oct-2016.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  F/ x ps )   &    |-  ( ph  ->  F/_ x A )   &    |-  ( ph  ->  F/_ x B )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  F/_ x if ( ps ,  A ,  B ) )
 
Theoremnfif 3356 Bound-variable hypothesis builder for a conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 16-Feb-2005.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 26-Jun-2011.)
 |- 
 F/ x ph   &    |-  F/_ x A   &    |-  F/_ x B   =>    |-  F/_ x if ( ph ,  A ,  B )
 
Theoremifbothdc 3357 A wff  th containing a conditional operator is true when both of its cases are true. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2021.)
 |-  ( A  =  if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  ->  ( ps  <->  th ) )   &    |-  ( B  =  if ( ph ,  A ,  B )  ->  ( ch 
 <-> 
 th ) )   =>    |-  ( ( ps 
 /\  ch  /\ DECID  ph )  ->  th )
 
Theoremifcldcd 3358 Membership (closure) of a conditional operator, deduction form. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2021.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  A  e.  C )   &    |-  ( ph  ->  B  e.  C )   &    |-  ( ph  -> DECID  ps )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  if ( ps ,  A ,  B )  e.  C )
 
2.1.16  Power classes
 
Syntaxcpw 3359 Extend class notation to include power class. (The tilde in the Metamath token is meant to suggest the calligraphic font of the P.)
 class  ~P A
 
Theorempwjust 3360* Soundness justification theorem for df-pw 3361. (Contributed by Rodolfo Medina, 28-Apr-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 29-Jun-2011.)
 |- 
 { x  |  x  C_  A }  =  {
 y  |  y  C_  A }
 
Definitiondf-pw 3361* Define power class. Definition 5.10 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 17, but we also let it apply to proper classes, i.e. those that are not members of  _V. When applied to a set, this produces its power set. A power set of S is the set of all subsets of S, including the empty set and S itself. For example, if  A is { 3 , 5 , 7 }, then 
~P A is { (/) , { 3 } , { 5 } , { 7 } , { 3 , 5 } , { 3 , 7 } , { 5 , 7 } , { 3 , 5 , 7 } }. We will later introduce the Axiom of Power Sets. Still later we will prove that the size of the power set of a finite set is 2 raised to the power of the size of the set. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
 |- 
 ~P A  =  { x  |  x  C_  A }
 
Theorempweq 3362 Equality theorem for power class. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
 |-  ( A  =  B  ->  ~P A  =  ~P B )
 
Theorempweqi 3363 Equality inference for power class. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-2013.)
 |-  A  =  B   =>    |-  ~P A  =  ~P B
 
Theorempweqd 3364 Equality deduction for power class. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-2013.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  A  =  B )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  ~P A  =  ~P B )
 
Theoremelpw 3365 Membership in a power class. Theorem 86 of [Suppes] p. 47. (Contributed by NM, 31-Dec-1993.)
 |-  A  e.  _V   =>    |-  ( A  e.  ~P B  <->  A  C_  B )
 
Theoremselpw 3366* Setvar variable membership in a power class (common case). See elpw 3365. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 8-Dec-2018.)
 |-  ( x  e.  ~P A 
 <->  x  C_  A )
 
Theoremelpwg 3367 Membership in a power class. Theorem 86 of [Suppes] p. 47. (Contributed by NM, 6-Aug-2000.)
 |-  ( A  e.  V  ->  ( A  e.  ~P B 
 <->  A  C_  B )
 )
 
Theoremelpwi 3368 Subset relation implied by membership in a power class. (Contributed by NM, 17-Feb-2007.)
 |-  ( A  e.  ~P B  ->  A  C_  B )
 
Theoremelpwid 3369 An element of a power class is a subclass. Deduction form of elpwi 3368. (Contributed by David Moews, 1-May-2017.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  A  e.  ~P B )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  A 
 C_  B )
 
Theoremelelpwi 3370 If  A belongs to a part of  C then  A belongs to  C. (Contributed by FL, 3-Aug-2009.)
 |-  ( ( A  e.  B  /\  B  e.  ~P C )  ->  A  e.  C )
 
Theoremnfpw 3371 Bound-variable hypothesis builder for power class. (Contributed by NM, 28-Oct-2003.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 13-Oct-2016.)
 |-  F/_ x A   =>    |-  F/_ x ~P A
 
Theorempwidg 3372 Membership of the original in a power set. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Feb-2015.)
 |-  ( A  e.  V  ->  A  e.  ~P A )
 
Theorempwid 3373 A set is a member of its power class. Theorem 87 of [Suppes] p. 47. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
 |-  A  e.  _V   =>    |-  A  e.  ~P A
 
Theorempwss 3374* Subclass relationship for power class. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-2009.)
 |-  ( ~P A  C_  B 
 <-> 
 A. x ( x 
 C_  A  ->  x  e.  B ) )
 
2.1.17  Unordered and ordered pairs
 
Syntaxcsn 3375 Extend class notation to include singleton.
 class  { A }
 
Syntaxcpr 3376 Extend class notation to include unordered pair.
 class  { A ,  B }
 
Syntaxctp 3377 Extend class notation to include unordered triplet.
 class  { A ,  B ,  C }
 
Syntaxcop 3378 Extend class notation to include ordered pair.
 class  <. A ,  B >.
 
Syntaxcotp 3379 Extend class notation to include ordered triple.
 class  <. A ,  B ,  C >.
 
Theoremsnjust 3380* Soundness justification theorem for df-sn 3381. (Contributed by Rodolfo Medina, 28-Apr-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 29-Jun-2011.)
 |- 
 { x  |  x  =  A }  =  {
 y  |  y  =  A }
 
Definitiondf-sn 3381* Define the singleton of a class. Definition 7.1 of [Quine] p. 48. For convenience, it is well-defined for proper classes, i.e., those that are not elements of  _V, although it is not very meaningful in this case. For an alternate definition see dfsn2 3389. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
 |- 
 { A }  =  { x  |  x  =  A }
 
Definitiondf-pr 3382 Define unordered pair of classes. Definition 7.1 of [Quine] p. 48. They are unordered, so  { A ,  B }  =  { B ,  A } as proven by prcom 3446. For a more traditional definition, but requiring a dummy variable, see dfpr2 3394. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
 |- 
 { A ,  B }  =  ( { A }  u.  { B } )
 
Definitiondf-tp 3383 Define unordered triple of classes. Definition of [Enderton] p. 19. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1994.)
 |- 
 { A ,  B ,  C }  =  ( { A ,  B }  u.  { C }
 )
 
Definitiondf-op 3384* Definition of an ordered pair, equivalent to Kuratowski's definition  { { A } ,  { A ,  B } } when the arguments are sets. Since the behavior of Kuratowski definition is not very useful for proper classes, we define it to be empty in this case (see opprc1 3571 and opprc2 3572). For Kuratowski's actual definition when the arguments are sets, see dfop 3548.

Definition 9.1 of [Quine] p. 58 defines an ordered pair unconditionally as  <. A ,  B >.  =  { { A } ,  { A ,  B } }, which has different behavior from our df-op 3384 when the arguments are proper classes. Ordinarily this difference is not important, since neither definition is meaningful in that case. Our df-op 3384 was chosen because it often makes proofs shorter by eliminating unnecessary sethood hypotheses.

There are other ways to define ordered pairs. The basic requirement is that two ordered pairs are equal iff their respective members are equal. In 1914 Norbert Wiener gave the first successful definition  <. A ,  B >._2  =  { { { A } ,  (/) } ,  { { B } } }. This was simplified by Kazimierz Kuratowski in 1921 to our present definition. An even simpler definition is  <. A ,  B >._3  =  { A ,  { A ,  B } }, but it requires the Axiom of Regularity for its justification and is not commonly used. Finally, an ordered pair of real numbers can be represented by a complex number. (Contributed by NM, 28-May-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)

 |- 
 <. A ,  B >.  =  { x  |  ( A  e.  _V  /\  B  e.  _V  /\  x  e.  { { A } ,  { A ,  B } } ) }
 
Definitiondf-ot 3385 Define ordered triple of classes. Definition of ordered triple in [Stoll] p. 25. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-2015.)
 |- 
 <. A ,  B ,  C >.  =  <. <. A ,  B >. ,  C >.
 
Theoremsneq 3386 Equality theorem for singletons. Part of Exercise 4 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
 |-  ( A  =  B  ->  { A }  =  { B } )
 
Theoremsneqi 3387 Equality inference for singletons. (Contributed by NM, 22-Jan-2004.)
 |-  A  =  B   =>    |-  { A }  =  { B }
 
Theoremsneqd 3388 Equality deduction for singletons. (Contributed by NM, 22-Jan-2004.)
 |-  ( ph  ->  A  =  B )   =>    |-  ( ph  ->  { A }  =  { B } )
 
Theoremdfsn2 3389 Alternate definition of singleton. Definition 5.1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 24-Apr-1994.)
 |- 
 { A }  =  { A ,  A }
 
Theoremelsng 3390 There is exactly one element in a singleton. Exercise 2 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15 (generalized). (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-1995.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 29-Jun-2011.)
 |-  ( A  e.  V  ->  ( A  e.  { B }  <->  A  =  B ) )
 
Theoremelsn 3391 There is exactly one element in a singleton. Exercise 2 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-1995.)
 |-  A  e.  _V   =>    |-  ( A  e.  { B }  <->  A  =  B )
 
Theoremvelsn 3392 There is only one element in a singleton. Exercise 2 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1993.)
 |-  ( x  e.  { A }  <->  x  =  A )
 
Theoremelsni 3393 There is only one element in a singleton. (Contributed by NM, 5-Jun-1994.)
 |-  ( A  e.  { B }  ->  A  =  B )
 
Theoremdfpr2 3394* Alternate definition of unordered pair. Definition 5.1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 24-Apr-1994.)
 |- 
 { A ,  B }  =  { x  |  ( x  =  A  \/  x  =  B ) }
 
Theoremelprg 3395 A member of an unordered pair of classes is one or the other of them. Exercise 1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15, generalized. (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-1995.)
 |-  ( A  e.  V  ->  ( A  e.  { B ,  C }  <->  ( A  =  B  \/  A  =  C )
 ) )
 
Theoremelpr 3396 A member of an unordered pair of classes is one or the other of them. Exercise 1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-1995.)
 |-  A  e.  _V   =>    |-  ( A  e.  { B ,  C }  <->  ( A  =  B  \/  A  =  C )
 )
 
Theoremelpr2 3397 A member of an unordered pair of classes is one or the other of them. Exercise 1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.)
 |-  B  e.  _V   &    |-  C  e.  _V   =>    |-  ( A  e.  { B ,  C }  <->  ( A  =  B  \/  A  =  C )
 )
 
Theoremelpri 3398 If a class is an element of a pair, then it is one of the two paired elements. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 1-Apr-2011.)
 |-  ( A  e.  { B ,  C }  ->  ( A  =  B  \/  A  =  C ) )
 
Theoremnelpri 3399 If an element doesn't match the items in an unordered pair, it is not in the unordered pair. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 10-May-2015.)
 |-  A  =/=  B   &    |-  A  =/=  C   =>    |- 
 -.  A  e.  { B ,  C }
 
Theoremsnidg 3400 A set is a member of its singleton. Part of Theorem 7.6 of [Quine] p. 49. (Contributed by NM, 28-Oct-2003.)
 |-  ( A  e.  V  ->  A  e.  { A } )
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